WTO was established to promote trade liberalization as part of the globalization process, but its founders gradually changed mind in XXI century by questioning commitments achieved in the Uruguay Round and Doha Ministerial Conference. President Trump reshaped US trade policy by adopting protectionist measures and starting trade wars with its trade partners. This article intends to respond to the question “ What are the causes of trade wars and what would be their implications for the multilateral trading system? ” The hypothesis is that trade wars happen either for inequality concerns in trade relations or in the sake of more profits with optimal tariffs. The findings of the research are that even stronger economies face difficulties in winning a trade war and thus will have little options other than seeking solutions in the multilateral trading system and its institutions, reason for what the world can be optimistic about the future of the multilateral trading system. International trade policy makers and business community leaders were preached in the XX century that trade liberalization could serve an effective mean to achieve economic growth and prosperity. Industrial countries encouraged developing nations that to become competitive in the global trade, to gradually remove trade barriers and encourage foreign investors to enter their markets, bring fresh funds and create new employment opportunities.

In 2022, the world trade of tuna fish was 42.63 billion dollars, which is expected to reach 52.85 billion dollars in 2028. The three countries of Thailand, Taiwan, and Spain in terms of quantity and the three countries of Thailand, Spain and Ecuador in terms of value are in charge of 40% of world trade, respectively. Fresh tuna (USD 672 million), frozen fillets (USD 1.65 Billion), whole frozen fish (USD 4.116 Billion) and prepared and packaged fish (USD 6.765 Billion) have been traded in the world trade. In fact, 58.6% are prepared and packed, 35.6% whole and frozen and 2.4% whole and fresh are exchanged in the world. In the twelve years ending in 1401, the amount of exploitation of tuna stocks in Iran has reached 289 thousand tons with a growth of 4.8%. Iran's tuna fish export, despite being the first in the west of the Indian Ocean and the second in the Indian Ocean, has reached 2604 tons with a value of USD 425 thousand to 2604 tons with a value of USD 2.3 million, which is 30.8% and 15% growth in terms of quantity and value, respectively. Imports have also arrived from 66.8 thousand tons with a value of USD 59.4 million to 10.2 thousand tons with a value of USD 20.9 million and have grown by -14.5 and -8.3 percent, respectively. The share of these fish in the total catch of Iran is 38.5% and its export is 1.4% of the country's aquatic exports. The 33% increase in the domestic price of fish tuna in this period and the difference in its price with the imported price in 2024 have created special conditions in Iran. Currently, the article examines the country's strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, quality of fishing, improvement of the fleet and transportation, reduction of waste in the missing links of the industry, diversification of processed products, as well as constructive interaction with international organizations and It suggests continuous presence and monitoring in the world market and having a comprehensive plan and road map for the development of tuna and tuna-like species industry in Iran.

Oil is one of the major drivers of the economic activities across the world. Oil prices affect the economies of both oil-importing and oil-exporting countries directly and indirectly through trade. In this paper, direct and indirect (spillovers) effects of oil price shocks on developed and developing oil exporting and importing countries are estimated using the Vector Auto-regression method. We measure the direct and indirect effects of international trade within the framework of a dynamic model and the data on thirty countries with more than 73 percent of the world’ s economy for the period 1980-2015. The results show that rising oil prices affect oil-importing countries directly and indirect effects are negative for developed countries. The effect of rising oil prices in developed oil exporting countries is negative, which could be due to high share of their manufacturing industries. The impact of oil price shocks on the economies of developing oil exporting countries is also positive, but its indirect effect is negative due to the high trading of these countries with the oil-importing developed countries.

Introduction: About 98% of chickpea cultivation is dry-land in Iran. This subject indicating the importance of producing this product according to water scarcity in this country. While in 2021, the production of chick peas were 172.8 thousand tons and, 107 thousand tons of chickpeas with value of 95.8 million dollars were imported. Compared to 2019, the import volume of chickpea has increased by 66.5% and the import value has increased by 88.5%. In other hands, the trade balance of chickpeas in 2021 was negative. In the conditions of exchange limitation, the volume and value of agricultural products imports becomes a challenge. Discovering major exporter countries can help both exporters and importers of chickpeas to planning for contribution in global markets. On the other hand, determining the global market structure helps to design and implement trade strategies with a lower cost.Materials and Methods: This study is documentary method, and the data and information were derived from FAO statistical database, International Trade Center (ITC) database. Data analysis and trends during 2017-2021 was done. In order to identify the structure and determine the market power, concentration ratio and Herfindahl indices have been used. These indicators help to identify the market power. When a group of market firms have higher bargaining power compared to others, market power is appeared.Research findings: In 2021, more than 2.3 million tons chick peas with value of 1.45 billion dollars have been traded in the world. More than 15% of the world import was related to Bangladesh. After that, India, Turkey and Iran have the next ranks. The volume of chickpea imports by Iran has increased by 89% compared to 2020 with import of 107 thousand tons in 2021. Also, the share of Iran from global imports of chick peas reaches 6.6%. While in 2017, the structure of the global chickpea market was a monopoly with a dominant country (Australia), this structure has changed to a closed multilateral monopoly (Australia, Russia, Turkey and Canada) in 2021. Turkey and Russia being the major exporters of chickpeas, and this subject, brings an opportunity to joint trade agreements or importers of chickpeas at a cheaper price.

The increasing complexity of the global oil trade significantly affects the energy strategy and economic development of countries, particularly those that export oil, such as Iran. This paper analyzes the general characteristics, regional features, and strength of the oil trade using network theory for 178 countries in 2018. The results show that the oil export network has a free-scale distribution, which means that the commercial position of countries displays significant heterogeneity. Additionally, the global oil trade network has a "robust yet fragile" characteristic. The global oil trade network can be divided into three commercial blocks, including the central and eastern commercial block, the middle commercial block, and the western commercial block. Among these three commercial blocs, the central and eastern bloc can supply the highest amount of demand from the countries present in this bloc. Consequently, these countries receive the lowest oil supply impulses.

Increasing economic integrity and expansion of trade across countries have caused international movement of production factors in order to achieve higher income. According to Mundell's theory and based on traditional theories of trade, unequal and different endowment of factors of production in countries cause the establishment of trade and the movement of factors. The present study investigates the effect of trade liberalization on the international movement of skilled and unskilled labor in Iran. Accordingly, trade liberalization is stimulated through four scenarios of import tariffs reduction of 5%, 10%, 25% and 50% in agricultural, industrial and the whole imported goods by using Global Trade Analysis Project. The findings of this research indicate the increase in migration due to the trade liberalization of industrial and all imported goods with the mobility of skilled and unskilled labor, verifying the complementary relationship. However, trade liberalization in the agricultural sector and skilled labor mobility are a complement, they are substitutes in terms of the unskilled labor movement. Considering the findings, liberalization in capital and intermediate goods and more restriction in consumption imported goods is suggested.